Protective ant-plant mutualisms that are exploited by non-defending parasitic ants represent prominent model systems for ecology and evolutionary biology. The mutualist Pseudomyrmex ferrugineus is an obligate plant-ant and fully depends on acacias for nesting space and food. The parasite Pseudomyrmex gracilis facultatively nests on acacias and uses host-derived food rewards but also e... https://smokeysmountainfurnitureoutlets.shop/product-category/headboard/
Host plant use by competing acacia-ants: mutualists monopolize while parasites share hosts.
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